海南岛双池玛珥湖沉积中的碳、氮地球化学记录及其环境意义   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

白雁  刘春莲  郑卓  王建华  杨小强  王斌 《古地理学报》2003,5(1):87-93

根据岩芯的碳、氮含量及其比值分析并结合其他气候替代指标的分析结果，恢复了海南岛双池玛珥湖末次冰消期以来的古气候变化。全新世大暖期始于7,400a BP，结束于2,700a BP左右，期间热带地区气候湿热，植物茂盛，双池玛珥湖主要处于沼泽化阶段，蒸发量与降雨量持平。但大暖期中仍存在气候的快速波动事件，约7,200a BP和7,000a BP前后、6,000～5,900a BP、4,300～4,000a BP 期间气候转凉，有机质生产力降低。大暖期前后，分别有明显的凉温但季节性暴雨频繁的气候（8,000～7,400a BP、2,700～2,300a BP），表示气候模式发生变化，降雨量相对大于蒸发量。此时双池玛珥湖处于深水期，由于气温降低以及湖水上升引起的湖边陡壁植被覆盖面积减少，植物生产力降低，导致了岩芯中有机质的低含量。  相似文献   

从裂变径迹分析探讨房山岩体地质热历史   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4  

翟鹏济  张峰  赵云龙 《地球化学》2003,32(2):188-192

测定了房山岩体内部相的花岗闪长岩中磷灰石和榍石的裂变径迹年龄和磷灰石自发和诱发裂变封闭径迹长度。根据磷灰石自发裂变封闭径迹平均长度和年龄对岩体热历史进行了模拟和探讨，长度分布模拟特征和参数与实测结果基本一致。并依据磷灰石和榍石裂变径迹年龄和封闭温度探讨了岩体的冷却和上升速度。  相似文献   

Stability analysis of lateritic waste deposits   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kamel Omraci  Vronique Merrien-Soukatchoff  Jean-Paul Tisot  Jack-Pierre PiguetLe Nickel-SLN 《Engineering Geology》2003,68(3-4):189-199

In open-pit mines covered with lateritic soil, the sterile ground is stored in specially prepared sites. The waste area must then be enhanced in order to extend storage capacity.

To better understand the effect of an elevated dump, typical laboratory tests (triaxial and oedometer tests) have been performed on the lateritic material. The waste disposal site has been modeled using both limit equilibrium and finite element methods. Different types of finite element models have been run; they take the variation of Young's modulus with depth into account and simulate the effect of construction over various phases. Modeling results are then compared with in situ measurements.  相似文献   

The Evolution of the Geothermal Gradient from Lambert Graben and Mahanadi Basin – A Contribution to the Indo-Antarctic Rift Debate     

Frank Lisker   《Gondwana Research》2004,7(2):363-373

The East Antarctic Lambert Graben and the Indian Mahanadi Basin are considered to represent segments of an intra-Gondwanan rift structure that was active at least since the Paleozoic. Fission track analyses of apatites from a comprehensive data set across the shoulders of both grabens were used to compare their low temperature history, and to estimate the paleo-geothermal gradients before the onset of the last denudation/rifting stage (Late Jurassic). The paleo-geothermal gradients of both juxtaposed Gondwana margins similarly increase from the basement towards the respective rift shoulder from 15–20°Ckm⁻¹ to 25–30°Ckm⁻¹. This trend of increasing paleo-geothermal gradients, together with a denudation episode commencing in the Early Cretaceous and coeval igneous activity, indicates a common rifting stage accompanying the breakup of Gondwana in the India-Antarctica sector.  相似文献   

Storm Surges from Extra-Tropical Cyclones   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Danard  M. B.  Dube  S. K.  Gönnert  G.  Munroe  Adam  Murty  T. S.  Chittibabu  P.  Rao  A. D.  Sinha  P. C. 《Natural Hazards》2004,32(2):177-190

The possible influence of climate change on the tracks of the extra-tropical cyclones as well as storm surges is studied. Two differentdata bases have been used: one for the Great Lakes of North America and the otherfor the German Bight in the North Sea of Europe. For the Great Lakes region,significant east-west and north-south shifts in the tracks of ETC'S with decadal periodicities have been observed. However, there was no trend in the amplitudes of storm surges. The most important result for the Great Lakes is that, depending upon its position relative to the constantly shifting storm tracks, a given location could eitherexperience a major storm surge or could miss out completely.The storm surges in the German Bight in general, and at Cuxhaven in particular, appear to show a slightly increasing trend in the latterpart of the 20th century. However, the most significant result for the German Bightis that the number of storm tides (i.e., multiple peaks in a given storm surge event)definitely has shown an increase in the second half of the 20th century. This increase isinterpreted as due to the influence of meso-scale weather systems embedded in the synoptic scale ETCs.  相似文献   

May 2003 Disaster in Sri Lanka and Cyclone 01-B in the Bay of Bengal   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zubair  Lareef 《Natural Hazards》2004,33(3):303-318

Heavy rainfall deluged South-Western Sri Lanka between the 11th and19th of May 2003 and led to its worst disaster in 50 years. Floods andlandslides claimed 260 lives. The World Meteorological Organizationcited it as evidence for the increase of anomalous climatic extremes inrecent years. Here, a meteorological analysis is presented of this disasteras part of a sustained effort to undertake meteorological applications fordisaster management. There were intense low-level westerlies over SriLanka related to cyclone 01-B that made its way across the Bay of Bengalat least 700 km away. The southeastwardly traverse of the cyclone wasstalled for a few days by anomalous north-westerly geostrophic windsver South Asia. Here, it is argued that orographic rainfall induced bythis stalled cyclone and seasonal inter-tropical convergence zone cloudbands over Sri Lanka led to the deluge. The trajectory of the cyclone wasremote from Sri Lanka and this led to no cyclone hazard warnings beingissued. No cyclones have made landfall in Sri Lanka in May in the last100 years. This study shows that one must exercise vigilance not only inthe path of the cyclone but also remotely due to the modulation of thecyclone by other atmospheric phenomenon and topographic features.This flood may have been predicted with contemporary local area weatherprediction models and this example points to the need for the developmentof local area weather prediction models as part of disaster warning systems.This study also demonstrates the use of meteorological diagnostics forpost-event analysis of hydrometeorology of disaster events.  相似文献   

Thermal effects of Caledonian foreland basin formation,based on fission track analyses applied on basement rocks in central Sweden     

Yvette Huigen  Paul Andriessen 《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2004,29(10):683-694

Increasing evidence from fission track studies in Sweden indicate that large parts of the Fennoscandian Shield have been affected by a large-scale thermotectonic event in the Palaeozoic. In this study the results of 17 apatite fission track analyses from central Sweden are presented collected along three NW–SE transects trending from the Bothnian Sea to the Caledonides. On the Bothnian coast samples have been collected directly from the Sub-Cambrian Peneplain. The sedimentary cover protecting this surface until recently is responsible for the thermal increase detected through apatite fission track (FT) thermochronology.The apatite FT ages range between 516 ± 46 Ma (±1σ) on the Bothnian coast around sea level to 191 ± 11 Ma in the Caledonides (～500–1500 m.a.s.l.). The mean track lengths vary from 11.3 ± 2.2 μm (±1σ) in the east to 14.2 ± 2.8 μm in the west, indicating a longer stay in the PAZ in the east, versus a continuous cooling pattern in the west. This pattern in combination with other geological constraints indicates that the crystalline basement rocks near the Caledonian deformation front in the west experienced higher temperatures after the formation of the Sub-Cambrian Peneplain followed by denudation, compared with the basement rocks in the east near the Bothnian coast.The apatite FT data near the Caledonian deformation front indicates prevailing temperatures of more than 110 ± 10 °C prior to the Mid Palaeozoic, causing a resetting of the apatite fission track clock. The temperatures were progressively lower away from the deformation front. Apatite fission track analysis of samples collected from the Sub-Cambrian Peneplain along the Bothnian coast indicate maximum temperatures of 90 ± 15 °C during Late Silurian–Early Devonian time. This heating event is argued to be the result of burial beneath a developing foreland basin in front of the Caledonian orogeny. Assuming a geothermal gradient of 20 °C/km, this temperature increase can be converted to a total burial of the samples. The resulting geometry of this basin can be described as an asymmetrical basin at least 3.5 km deep in the vicinity of the Caledonian deformation front decreasing to about 2.5 km on the Bothnian coast, continuing further onto Finland. The width of this basin was in thus in the order of 600 km. Whether this was formed completely synorogenic or partly synorogenic, broadening after cessation of the orogeny, could not be revealed.The Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic thermal evolution of this area is related to the extensional tectonics in the North Atlantic Domain.  相似文献   

新疆阿尔泰造山带构造活动的磷灰石裂变径迹证据   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

袁万明  董金泉  保增宽 《地学前缘》2004,11(4):461-468

从对新疆阿尔泰造山带西部构造活动的研究中获得一批较为系统的磷灰石裂变径迹分析结果。 32个磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为 (16 3.0± 6 .4 )～ (4 6 .9± 7.2 )Ma ,平均径迹长度为 (14 .5± 0 .1)～(11.3± 0 .4 ) μm ,长度标准差为 1.4～ 2 .7μm。区内具有 3阶段热历史 :约 110Ma之前处于约 10 0～12 0℃较高温稳定阶段 ,然后在约 110～ 4 0Ma期间发生快速冷却与隆升事件 ,从约 4 0Ma开始发生另一较为缓慢的冷却事件。总体上自北而南 ,剥蚀速率和冷却速率均逐渐变小。文中裂变径迹资料表明 ,阿尔泰山西段主要断裂带现在向南倾斜 ,区内构造演化亦主要受Tesbahan、Kulti和Basei三条断裂带逆冲热事件的控制。  相似文献   

Carbon and water cycling in a Bornean tropical rainforest under current and future climate scenarios     

Tomo&#x;omi Kumagai  Gabriel G. Katul  Amilcare Porporato  Taku M. Saitoh  Mizue Ohashi  Tomoaki Ichie  Masakazu Suzuki 《Advances in water resources》2004,27(12):1844

We examined how the projected increase in atmospheric CO₂ and concomitant shifts in air temperature and precipitation affect water and carbon fluxes in an Asian tropical rainforest, using a combination of field measurements, simplified hydrological and carbon models, and Global Climate Model (GCM) projections. The model links the canopy photosynthetic flux with transpiration via a bulk canopy conductance and semi-empirical models of intercellular CO₂ concentration, with the transpiration rate determined from a hydrologic balance model. The primary forcing to the hydrologic model are current and projected rainfall statistics. A main novelty in this analysis is that the effect of increased air temperature on vapor pressure deficit (D) and the effects of shifts in precipitation statistics on net radiation are explicitly considered. The model is validated against field measurements conducted in a tropical rainforest in Sarawak, Malaysia under current climate conditions. On the basis of this model and projected shifts in climatic statistics by GCM, we compute the probability distribution of soil moisture and other hydrologic fluxes. Regardless of projected and computed shifts in soil moisture, radiation and mean air temperature, transpiration was not appreciably altered. Despite increases in atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) and unchanged transpiration, canopy photosynthesis does not significantly increase if C_i/C_a is assumed constant independent of D (where C_i is the bulk canopy intercellular CO₂ concentration). However, photosynthesis increased by a factor of 1.5 if C_i/C_a decreased linearly with D as derived from Leuning stomatal conductance formulation [R. Leuning. Plant Cell Environ 1995;18:339–55]. How elevated atmospheric CO₂ alters the relationship between C_i/C_a and D needs to be further investigated under elevated atmospheric CO₂ given its consequence on photosynthesis (and concomitant carbon sink) projections.  相似文献   

切向风速水平廓线对台风路径和强度的影响   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4  

马红云  马镜娴  罗哲贤 《南京气象学院学报》2003,26(6):780-787

用一个β平面的准地转模式和一个高分辨率的f平面准地转模式，实施了6组试验，研究了初始台风切向风速水平廓线对台风路径和强度的影响。结果表明：切向风速峰值区狭窄，最大风速半径较小的廓线，与偏西北方向的路径以及强度维持或增强相对应；峰值区宽平，最大风速半径较大的廓线，与北折转向的路径以及强度衰减相对应。  相似文献